आईएलओ के अनुसार, समग्र आर्थिक विकास रोजगार सृजन कर पाने में विफल रहा है। साथ ही अंतर्राष्ट्रीय श्रम संगठन (आईएलओ) ने चेतावनी दी है, युवा लोग निरंतर बेरोजगारी और गुणवत्ता वाली नौकरी के अवसरों की कमी से बुरी तरह से ग्रस्त हैं।
युवाओं के द्वारा सामना की जाने वाली चुनौतियां:
युवा महिलाओं और पुरुषों द्वारा लगातार सामना की जाने वाली श्रम बाजार की एवं सामाजिक चुनौतियां न केवल टिकाऊ और समावेशी विकास प्राप्त करने के लिए बल्कि काम के भविष्य और सामाजिक संयोग के लिए भी महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
इसके अलावा, उभरते हुए और विकासशील देशों में लगभग 39 प्रतिशत युवा श्रमिक (160.8 मिलियन युवा) मध्यम या अत्यधिक गरीबी (एक दिन में 3.10 डॉलर से कम) में रह रहे हैं और आज के कर्मचारियों में हर पांच युवा लोगों में से दो लोग बेरोजगार हैं या फिर कामगार गरीब हैं। यह एक चौंकाने वाली वास्तविकता है जोकि पूरे विश्व में समाज को प्रभावित करती है।
श्रम शक्ति में सम्मिलित युवा महिलायें इन परिस्थितियों में सबसे ज्यादा प्रभावित होती हैं। श्रम बल में कामकाजी महिलाओं की संख्या उनके पुरुष समकक्षों की तुलना में लगभग 16.6 प्रतिशत कम है।
आईएलओ के अनुसार, युवा महिलाओं की बेरोजगारी दर युवा पुरुषों की तुलना में काफी अधिक है। रोजगार, शिक्षा या प्रशिक्षण में जो युवा लोग शामिल नहीं हैं उनमें लिंग भेद काफी अधिक है।
प्रमुख तथ्य:
आईएलओ की रिपोर्ट ने रोजगार के क्षेत्र में युवाओं और युवा उद्यमियों की बढ़ती हुई संख्या के साथ-साथ रोजगार के नए और विविध प्रकार के अवसरों जैसे कि क्राउड वर्क, जोकि कार्य में लचीलापन प्रदान करता है और कमाई के अवसरों का विस्तार करता है, को खोजने के लिए इंटरनेट की मदद लिए जाने का भी खुलासा किया है।
हालांकि, इसमें गंभीर जोखिम भी हैं, जैसे कम आय, नौकरी की कोई गारंटी या आय निरंतरता न होना, और काम से संबंधित लाभ तक पहुंच की कमी।
"युवा लोग अक्सर अपने कामकाजी जीवन को अस्थायी रोजगार के साथ इस ज्ञान से शुरू करते हैं कि वे 'सुरक्षित नौकरी' कभी नहीं प्राप्त कर पाएंगे। वे विकासशील देशों की तुलना में विकसित और उभरती हुई अर्थव्यवस्थाओं में स्थिर और संतोषजनक रोजगार पाने के लिए स्वयं को तैयार करते हैं।
Global Employment Trends for Youth 2017
Young people are estimated to account for over 35 per cent of the unemployed population worldwide in 2017. While the global youth unemployment rate stabilized at 13.0 per cent in 2016, it is expected to rise slightly to 13.1 per cent this year.
As of 2017, 39 per cent of young workers in the emerging and developing world – 160.8 million youth – are living in moderate or extreme poverty, i.e. on less than $3.10 a day. More than two in every five young people in today’s workforce are unemployed or are working but poor, a striking reality that is impacting society across the world.
For many of them, their present and future lie in the informal economy. Globally, three out of four employed young women and men are in informal employment, compared to three in five adults. In developing countries, this ratio is as high as 19 out of 20 for young women and men.
The youth employment challenge is therefore not just about job creation, but also – even more so – about the quality of work and decent jobs for youth.
Addressing these persistent labour market and social challenges faced by young women and men is crucial, not only for achieving sustainable and inclusive growth but also for the future of work and societal cohesion.
Skills demands are also shifting. There has been a decline in middle-level skills while demand for high-skilled and less-skilled workers is growing, contributing to greater polarization in the labour market. The demand for high-skilled youth has grown strongly in high-income countries, whereas in developing and emerging countries there has been a rise in low-skill work. Employment of young semi-skilled workers contracted in most countries, across all development levels. This trend towards job polarization could be accentuated by new technology and could potentially exacerbate existing inequalities.
A growing number of young jobseekers and young entrepreneurs are taking to the internet – i.e. the platform and gig economies – where they find new and diverse forms of employment, such as crowd work, which can offer flexibility and expand income earning opportunities. There are however important risks, including low incomes, no guarantee of any continuity in employment or income, and lack of access to work-related benefits.
Young people often start their working lives in temporary employment with the knowledge that they may never attain ‘job security’. They are more likely to transition to stable and satisfactory employment in developed and emerging economies than in developing countries. Further investments in quality education and skills development are critical since the longer a young person studies, the shorter the transition time into employment, the report shows.
The report calls for policies that take into account the fast changing contours of the world of work driven by technology and that enable young women and men to be ahead of the curve. Investing in lifelong learning mechanisms, digital skills, and sectoral strategies that expand decent jobs and address the vulnerabilities of the most disadvantaged should be prioritized in national policies.
In developing countries, as many as 19 in every 20 young men and women work in the informal economy, compared with adult workers, which shows that globally 76.7 per cent of working youth are in informal jobs, compared with 57.9 per cent of working adults.
India, Tanzania and Zambia all have an extremely low prevalence of formal wage employment; in all three countries, fewer than one in ten young workers are in wage employment with a contract. However, whereas in Tanzania and Zambia almost all youth and adult employment is vulnerable...In India, almost half of all young workers are employed as wage labourers, without a written contract.
World Employment and Social Outlook (WESO) Trends 2017: The disconnect between growth and employment
Growth continues to disappoint, both in terms of its level but also in terms of its ability to make important inroads to making growth more inclusive. The ILO’s World Employment and Social Outlook – Trends 2017 highlights the challenges for the coming year in jobs and the labour market.
1. The global unemployment rate is expected to rise modestly from 5.7 to 5.8 per cent in 2017 representing an increase of 3.4 million in the number of jobless people.
2. The number of unemployed persons globally in 2017 is forecast to stand at just over 201 million – with an additional rise of 2.7 million expected in 2018 – as the pace of labour force growth outstrips job creation.
3. We are facing the twin challenge of repairing the damage caused by the global economic and social crisis and creating quality jobs for the tens of millions of new labour market entrants every year.
4. Economic growth continues to disappoint and underperform – both in terms of levels and the degree of inclusion. This paints a worrisome picture for the global economy and its ability to generate enough jobs. Let alone quality jobs. Persistent high levels of vulnerable forms of employment combined with clear lack of progress in job quality – even in countries where aggregate figures are improving – are alarming. We need to ensure that the gains of growth are shared in an inclusive manner.
The report shows that vulnerable forms of employment – i.e. contributing family workers and own account workers – are expected to stay above 42 per cent of total employment, accounting for 1.4 billion people worldwide in 2017.
5. Boosting economic growth in an equitable and inclusive manner requires a multi-facetted policy approach that addresses the underlying causes of secular stagnation, such as income inequality, while taking into account country specificities.
